Chapter 7 – The wheels fall off

In the past three chapters we’ve seen Christianity go wildly astray during the Middle ages – or rather, some Christians went wildly astray (there but for the Grace of God, go I). But we’ve also seen some shining examples of God working through certain individuals and groups.

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The first half of the fourteenth century was particularly bad one for the church.

• Celestine was elected Pope of Rome. Celestine was a pastoral-type, a common people’s clergyman, but he was incompetent as a political leader. He quit the job of Pope after five months. Perhaps he was just what the church needed (a servant-leader), but we’ll never know.
• Bonifice VIII replaced Celestine as Pope. Bonifice was a swing toward the other end of the spectrum from Celestine. A ruthless politician, Bonifice issued a bull titled Unam Sanctum, which declared all earthly secular kings to be under the control of the Church. Bonifice was assassinated.
• After Bonifice was assassinated, the Papacy set up seat in Avignon, France for 72 years. In Avignon, the church fell into corruption in a real, serious way. Popes and priests with mistresses (see The Canterbury Tales or The Decameron), priests selling leadership positions within the church, friars selling indulgences. This period is likened to the Hebrew Exile and Captivity by the Babylonians.
• In 1338, King Edward III of England claimed the throne of France, starting the 100-years war.
• And then there was the plague… The Black Death killed nearly 25 million people (2/3 of the European population) in three years. 800 people per day died in Paris. Plague killed 88% of the population of Constantinople.

Catherine of Sienna preached throughout the continent against the “Stench of sin” in Avignon, and begged the Pope to move back to Rome and follow God’s calling. But the Papacy was so tied up in secular politics and worldly sin that what was the result?

The Great Papal Schism! Three popes – One in Avignon, another elected by normal (corrupt) means in Rome, and a third Roman Pope elected by a church council. Popes Curly, Larry, and Moe each set about excommunicating the others’ followers and nobody could figure out where to find the true church.

But there was still a faithful remnant (perhaps more than a remnant, but it’s hard to see through all the muck.)

• John Wycliffe, an Oxford Don, claimed that the church was not built upon Popes, but upon every person called by God to faith in Jesus Christ. He claimed the proof was in the life they lived (James 2:18). Wycliffe’s followers translated portions of the Bible into English so that laypeople could understand it. He got into trouble with the church, but before they could excommunicate or kill him he died of a stroke. His message was so feared and hated that a church council later dug him up, burned his body, and scattered his ashes in a river – as if that could hurt him worse.
• Jan Hus, a Czech professor and priest, was influenced by Wycliffe and started teaching Wycliffe’s ideas. He was captured, imprisoned, and burned at the stake - with a paper dunce cap on his head – as if that could hurt him worse.
• Thomas a’Kempis wrote Imitation of Christ, a popular and influential book on mystical Christian spirituality, in response to the Scholastics like Anselm and Thomas Aquinas (remember them from pp66-67?)
• Joan of Arc, a mystic peasant girl, led the French at the Battle of Agincourt
• Constantinople fell into the hands of the Muslims and Eastern Christian scholars flooded into Western Europe bringing with them ancient Greek texts and sparking a new classicism. The Renaissance was a renewal in interest in human excellences like philosophy, rhetoric, art, and writing. People became interested anew in the scriptures.
• Gutenberg invented the movable type printing press, reducing the cost of books (and Bibles) and fanning the spark of the Renaissance.
• Desiderius Erasmus (one of Thomas a’Kempis’ followers) became a priest and humanist scholar. Erasmus called for reform in the church and he also published the first printed Greek New Testament.

The corruption that flourished in a society of ignorance and inequality would not live long in a new world of light and learning and equality. God was using the Renaissance to put an end to the conditions that began in the Dark Ages and bred such corruption during the Middle Ages.

Many of the above people were ordinary Christians who saw vital problems with the church and called God’s people to repent. What are some similar, widespread, vital problems in the modern church? Is God calling you to be the voice of repentance and reformation in our church?

How can our local visible church deal with these vital problems in the church today? (1Cor 16:14; Eph 4:14-16; 1Cor 13:4-6)

Wycliffe and Hus had packed a powder keg. Erasmus had woven a fuse. Next week, a hotheaded monk will light it!

Update on self-defense

I have updated my post on self-defense and conflict resolution with a passage I found last night in my reading.

And seeing one of them being wronged, he defended the oppressed man and avenged him by striking down the Egyptian. He supposed that his brothers would understand that God was giving them salvation by his hand, but they did not understand. (Acts 7:24-25)

Here Stephen (one of the first deacons) was explaining his faith to the Jews who were about to stone him to death. He is talking about Moses and he presents Moses' killing of the Egyptian in a favorable light. I thought this was particularly significant because it often seems like the Old Testament is the wrath and war part of the Bible and the New Testament is the 'turn the other cheek' part.

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But here is a martyred saint in the New Testament talking about justifiable violence in defense of others.

Chapter 6: God is still working among the Corruption

Two chapters ago, the author wrote, “When I read about the Middle Ages, I sometimes wonder was anyone really a Christian?” (p44) Then again, last chapter, “many Christians dismiss medieval Christianity as empty and corrupt.” This week I ate lunch with a terribly well-educated atheist who railed against Christian hypocrisy and inconsistency all the way from Constantine to modern times.
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Despite all the bad that was going on in the world and in the Christian church, God was still visibly at work. The author presents in Chapter 6 a dozen or so examples of Christians who worked as servant leaders during this time period leading up to the Reformation.

• Duke William, (Mat 19:20-24) unlike some of his contemporaries, Duke William of Aquitaine founded Cluny monastery (provided the land) but didn’t want to leverage it for political gain. William freed his hunting dogs (a sign of nobility) and gave his hunting land to the monks.
• John Damascus (Rom 5:1) was the Eastern Church’s greatest thinker. It was Damascus that resolved the conflict between the iconodules and the iconoclasts at the Second council of Nicaea (look back to p50). John was betrayed to the Muslims by an iconoclast Eastern emperor, had his hand cut off and spent the rest of his life weaving and selling baskets.
• Cyril and Methodius (Romans 8:28, 35-39) were missionaries to Moravia (Czech) who created an alphabet in order to translate the Bible into the common language of the Slavic peoples. Their mission was a miserable failure in the short-run, but eventually God transformed their failure into success as much of southeast Europe and Russia ended up writing and reading in Cyrillic.
• St. Bernard of Clairvaux (John 3:16) led 30 men to join the foundering order of Cistercian monks (The White Robes). Bernard had perhaps the greatest influence on our modern idea of Christ. St Bernard’s emphasis on love of God transformed the popular image of Christ from strict judge to loving infant and crucified martyr.
• Hildegard of Bingen (Phil 4:8) was talented at everything – musician, mystic, artist, author, preacher, and prophet. As abbess of the convent at Bingen she wrote about her visions and about mystic Christianity. Denounced by the Pope when she was 80, she was vindicated by the church after her death.
• Waldo the mendicant (2Tim 1:7-8) founded a group of mendicants called the Poor Folk of Lyons who were the predecessors to the Protestants. They wouldn’t stop preaching despite orders from the Pope, excommunication, being murdered by Crusaders, and even facing the Inquisition.
• St. Francis of Assisi (Mat 10:7-14) stripped to his underwear in front of the bishop, renouncing his wealth to live a life of service to Christ. The Franciscans are the “Brown Robes.” Claire defied a Pope with a hunger strike until he submitted and allowed her to start the female version of the Franciscans – the Poor Claires.
• Anselm (Job 38:4-5) was Archbishop of Canterbury and defied King William II, spending 1/3 of his career in exile. His scholarship and compassion made him famous. Consider p67 ¶1, “I do not try to understand You so that I can trust You, I trust You so I can understand You.”
• St. Thomas of Aquinas (Psalm 136:4-8) applied the classic philosophies of Aristotle to Christianity, showing that logic and the natural world point toward the Creator. He is considered the Western church’s greatest thinker, “The Blessed Doctor (teacher) of the Church.”

The author’s activity for the day: Find two truths illustrated by each of these saints that we can learn from today.
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“Look around in your church, your school, your job. Somewhere Christ is calling someone (you) to join in God’s work.” (p68) Pray, “God, how are you at work here?” and then get ready to join in! (p152)
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Next week: Chapter 7 – The wheels fall off and people begin thinking about Reformation.